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==> Deutsche Fassung
It is differentiated here expressly according to ‚the design ' of ceramic(s), how it was to be found probably predominant around 1300 on Cologne market, since the appropriate commodity was produced not exclusively in the name-giving places and the places not excluding ceramic(s) of the respective design to have manufactured.
characterizes a grey earthen commodity of predominantly middle hardness with more unevenly to rough surface, designated after the place lain northeast from Cologne. Here became from 10. to 15. Century use / kitchen table-ware (oval, inside Braeter, unglazed tonplatten glazed ball pots without condition soil from white-grey clay/tone, bulgy pots with kneaded base plate) manufactured. Whether and to what extent a larger spreading of the commodity was reached over Cologne area outside, is not clearly determined z time. In many other nordrheinischen potteries grey earthen commodity in more appropriate or nevertheless very similar quality was manufactured.
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designates a thick-walled earthen commodity without Engobe of large hardness with rough surface and/or middle hardness and smooth surface, of which vorratsgefaesse were made predominantly. A geschmauchte and/or metallically resplendent surface has usually light-grey pieces of broken glass. Typical forms are edge bending easily large egg-shaped, handleless vorratsgefaesse with edges of collar, the so-called Elmpter Amphoren and large, far dishes with drawing in edge of collar or thickened, and with wave foot. " Elmpter commodity " is mainly in 13. Century, is however at least still at the beginning 14. Century occupies. Although the term " Elmpter commodity " was established for the thick-walled storage vessels described above, in the potteries around Brueggen, circle Viersen, also a multiplicity of other table-ware forms were produced. Although Elmpter commodity is not occupied in the listing Cologne city museums, and also with the excavations in the choir Cologne cathedral only one piece be proven could (here it is to be considered however that on the cathedral building site Schankgeschirr was found predominantly), is however such pieces e.g. in approximately 25 km removed Zons, in the castle peace stream occupied. One can assume due to the geographical proximity of Zons to Cologne and the medieval commercial situation (see in addition the remarks to the Siegburger ceramic(s)) the Elmpter commodity was available also on Cologne market.
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disk-turned, oxidizing burned earthen commodity with predominantly yellow burned pieces of broken glass in different hardnesses and with surfaces is in different yellow nuances. The per hard pieces of broken glass, the more darkly the surface. The containers are predominantly thin-walled. Main identifier is a lively, red line painting. Except in the rheinischen workshops this commodity is copied also in other manufacture centers and is a merchandise wide-spread in Europe, not least also because of the goods transported herein. Also with the Pingsdorfer design steps into 13. Century the nearly stoneware up, the pieces of broken glass is gradually given up darker, painting hardly still stands out and. A Riefung of the wall, put on burrs partly cut wave lines appear as decoration variants 12 is to in. Century of ball belly containers, partly with sleeves or small handles concisely, 13 comes with that. Century also the " modern " forms " gerieften commodity " up. Bloom time of the classical Pingsdorfer commodity were 10. to 12. Century, however is for Cologne a Muenzschatzgefaess for the 2. Half 13. Century occupies. Over the production end one is divided itself in the technical literature. Reineking of support dates a ' cup from dark early stoneware with red-brown painting and strong burrs ' into the 2. Half 13. Century.
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Since the early Middle Ages in the area of the today's city Bruehl potteries existed. The places Badorf, Pingsdorf and Walberberg are well-known beside others than Toepferorte of the Vorgebirges. To around 1200 the manufacturing plants were frequently in the proximity of castles and Fronhoefen settled. Around 1185 the Bruehler Fronhof was established. It was the administrative centre of the Cologne archbishops for their goods in the Vorgebirge. Bruehl received 1285 as only settlement in the Vorgebirge from the archbishop the municipal law and permission for establishing a stadtmauer. In the 2. Half 13. A part of the Toepferfamilien from the environment into the protection of the city at that time within the range of the today's UHL road, UHL = pot drew and settled century, thus the Toepferstrasse. Toepferfunde are not unusual in the city Bruehl, but only 1984 could be occupied with the secured find medieval kiln in the historical town centre production in the Bruehler city scientifically. Further important furnace finds followed. The scientific evaluation is not final yet. So do probably now can some pieces of find, those so far as " Rhine country " or " Siegburger kind?" the Bruehler manufacturing plants were defined to be assigned. Beside the earthen commodity 13 becomes starting from that. Century by higher firing temperatures nearly stoneware produces. The characteristic " Geriefte commodity " arises. For Bruehl is typical starting from the second half 13. Century a violet engobierte variant of the nearly stoneware, which was produced exclusively here after present knowledge conditions. partly reflecting Engobe shining metallically on a reddish-yellow, often black burned pieces of broken glass is the bluish-violet, very thinly laid on. Raue pieces of broken glass is nevertheless view and perceptible. However also nearly stoneware container with brown-red or dark-brown shining close above or without coat occurs. Stoneware from the medieval city Bruehl has frequently more strongly contaminated and lively colored pieces of broken glass with yellow or greenish-grey surface, frequently with greenish or yellowish-brown Engobe. In Bruehl likewise good earthen table-ware for kitchen and cellar as well as tafelgeschirr were made of nearly stoneware and/or stoneware: Cups, cup, cups, jugs, canteens, keg, above average large ball pots. Whether, as and through whom the paragraph of the Bruehler commodity was regulated, to what extent the Cologne buyers were merged, must result in future investigations. Beginning 16. Century came the Bruehler Toepferproduktion to succumbing.
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Already to end of the 12.Jahrhundert is for victory castle (pottery trade in the area victory castle since that 9./10. Century) the production of hardburned earthen commodity testifies. One of the substantial manufacturing plants is the Aulgasse, Aul - UHL - Pot. Starting from the 13.Jahrhundert by higher firing temperatures a partial sintering is reached, produced nearly stoneware. The surface is by the lean particles rau. Partial first glaze-pure are to be found, which developed probably still coincidentally. Starting from end of the 13.Jahrhundert container from stoneware arises. The prevailing piece of broken glass color is a covered, easily greenish white with usually light-grey surface, a Engobe is possible. Bloom time of the Siegburger of stoneware are 15. and 16.Jahrhundert it kitchen and tafelgeschirr, " Geriefte commodity " in more outstanding and therefore popular quality is produced. Therefore it was common as export articles in entire Europe. Charters of the corporation of the Siegburger Toepferzunft show the following allocation of the trade, which has validity in its essential structure also for the two preceding centuries for the 16.Jahrhundert: the entire regional and close trade directly of the production place took over the Cologne buyers. The Siegburger could become active only in the remote trade, which began off in the north at Duesseldorf and in the south other oh one. Siegburger table-ware, which in Cologne range belonged to the everyday life table-ware, became off the large markets and trade routes the preciousness. Both in victory castle and in Bruehl the production of oxidizing burned earthen commodity with hard or softer pieces of broken glass, with or without Engobe became, while the entire duration of stoneware production parallel operated. Jugs, cup, vorratsgefaesse, canteens, simple use and kitchen ceramic(s) were manufactured which correspond to the form property of the stoneware.
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Since the 12.Jahrhundert in the area around long-sore container ceramic(s) one manufactured. However more the simple gebrauchsgeschirr seems to have been produced. From earthen commodity with dark grey or roetlichorangem pieces of broken glass, also with Engobe, roll temple ornament or painting are among other things jugs, cups, to find Henkel-und Pilgerfla and horns starting from the 14.Jahrhundert also from nearly stoneware and stoneware. There is for the 14.Jahrhundert also containers from weisstoniger earthen commodity with yellow, speckled glaze, e.g. small cans with drain sleeve and wave foot occupied. For Cologne market might have had those long-sore production the only small meaning. In the existence of the city museum Cologne as well as in the inventory catalog Cologne museums of arts and crafts is not occupied the discovery site Cologne. Likewise with the excavations to castle peace stream in Zons and the excavations in the cathedral choir only some few pieces of broken glass from long-sore production were found. This is to be led mainly probably on the fact back that regarding the proximity of the potteries of the Vorgebirges and long-sore over country, in victory castle a transport of, to Cologne too cumbersomely, expensively, lengthy and too risky was.
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Productions are investigated for still little there. Ceramic(s) production is here for 12. and 13. Century occupies. In the second production phase in late 13. Century of grey earthen commodity ball pots, larger bowls, steilwandige dishes with wave foot and large storage vessels are made predominantly. The forms are the Elmpter products similarly, not however the material. It was manufactured also nearly stoneware. As far the Meckenheimer potteries, which apparent brought no salient products out, was common, can zzt. not be said. It is of the fact out happens that they were acted only locally or regionally. During the excavations Cologne cathedral choir are very few pieces, by which Meckenheimer production can be accepted.
Beyond that isolated also containers of other Toepferregionen e.g. Andenne, Belgium (helltonige glazed earthen commodity) or Brunsum and Schinveld (Netherlands province south Limburg might have been acted in Cologne in the view period, which were however due to qualityful and surely more favorable productions of the surrounding countryside only of small importance for Cologne market.
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| © Elisabet Wolber | Last actualization: 07.02.2003 |
06.08.2003